// ******************************************************************************
   //
   // Title:       Force Field X.
   // Description: Force Field X - Software for Molecular Biophysics.
   // Copyright:   Copyright (c) Michael J. Schnieders 2001-2025.
   //
   // This file is part of Force Field X.
   //
   // Force Field X is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  // under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 as published by
  // the Free Software Foundation.
  //
  // Force Field X is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  // ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
  // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
  // details.
  //
  // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  // Force Field X; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
  // Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
  //
  // Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
  // combined work based on this library. Thus, the terms and conditions of the
  // GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.
  //
  // As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you
  // permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
  // executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent modules, and
  // to copy and distribute the resulting executable under terms of your choice,
  // provided that you also meet, for each linked independent module, the terms
  // and conditions of the license of that module. An independent module is a
  // module which is not derived from or based on this library. If you modify this
  // library, you may extend this exception to your version of the library, but
  // you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this
  // exception statement from your version.
  //
  // ******************************************************************************
  package ffx.potential.openmm;
  
  import ffx.numerics.Potential;
  import ffx.openmm.amoeba.TorsionTorsionForce;
  import ffx.potential.MolecularAssembly;
  import edu.uiowa.jopenmm.OpenMM_Vec3;
  import ffx.crystal.Crystal;
  import ffx.potential.ForceFieldEnergy;
  import ffx.potential.bonded.Atom;
  import ffx.potential.bonded.TorsionTorsion;
  import ffx.potential.nonbonded.ParticleMeshEwald;
  import ffx.potential.nonbonded.VanDerWaals;
  import ffx.potential.terms.TorsionTorsionPotentialEnergy;
  
  import javax.annotation.Nullable;
  import java.util.logging.Logger;
  
  import static edu.uiowa.jopenmm.OpenMMAmoebaLibrary.OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
  import static java.lang.String.format;
  
  /**
   * Create and manage an OpenMM Dual-Topology System.
   *
   * <p>The definition of a System involves four elements:
   *
   * <p>The particles and constraints are defined directly by the System object, while forces are
   * defined by objects that extend the Force class. After creating a System, call addParticle() once
   * for each particle, addConstraint() for each constraint, and addForce() for each Force.
   *
   * <p>In addition, particles may be designated as "virtual sites". These are particles whose
   * positions are computed automatically based on the positions of other particles. To define a
   * virtual site, call setVirtualSite(), passing in a VirtualSite object that defines the rules for
   * computing its position.
   */
  public class OpenMMDualTopologySystem extends OpenMMSystem {
  
    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(OpenMMDualTopologySystem.class.getName());
  
    /**
     * The OpenMMDualTopologyEnergy instance.
     */
    private final OpenMMDualTopologyEnergy openMMDualTopologyEnergy;
  
    /**
     * The ForceFieldEnergy instance for the first topology.
     */
    protected ForceFieldEnergy forceFieldEnergy;
    /**
     * The ForceFieldEnergy instance for the second topology.
     */
    protected ForceFieldEnergy forceFieldEnergy2;
    /**
     * OpenMM Custom Bond Force for topology 2.
     */
    protected BondForce bondForce2 = null;
    /**
     * OpenMM Custom Angle Force for topology 2.
     */
    protected AngleForce angleForce2 = null;
    /**
     * OpenMM Custom In-Plane Angle Force for topology 2.
     */
   protected InPlaneAngleForce inPlaneAngleForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Stetch-Bend Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected StretchBendForce stretchBendForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Urey-Bradley Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected UreyBradleyForce ureyBradleyForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Out-of-Plane Bend Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected OutOfPlaneBendForce outOfPlaneBendForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Pi-Orbital Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected PiOrbitalTorsionForce piOrbitalTorsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected TorsionForce torsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Improper Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected ImproperTorsionForce improperTorsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Stretch-Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected StretchTorsionForce stretchTorsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Angle-Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected AngleTorsionForce angleTorsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Restrain Torsion Force for topology 2.
    */
   protected RestrainTorsionsForce restrainTorsionsForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM Custom Torsion-Torsion Force for topology 2.
    * ToDo: There is no updateParametersInContext method for the AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce.
    * We assume that the AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce is constant along the alchemical path.
    */
   protected AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce amoebaTorsionTorsionForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM AMOEBA van der Waals Force for topology 2.
    */
   private AmoebaVdwForce amoebaVDWForce2 = null;
   /**
    * OpenMM AMOEBA Multipole Force for topology 2.
    */
   private AmoebaMultipoleForce amoebaMultipoleForce2 = null;
 
   /**
    * OpenMMDualTopologyEnergy constructor.
    *
    * @param openMMDualTopologyEnergy OpenMMDualTopologyEnergy instance.
    */
   public OpenMMDualTopologySystem(OpenMMDualTopologyEnergy openMMDualTopologyEnergy) {
     this.openMMDualTopologyEnergy = openMMDualTopologyEnergy;
 
     forceFieldEnergy = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getForceFieldEnergy(0);
     forceFieldEnergy2 = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getForceFieldEnergy(1);
     forceField = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getMolecularAssembly(0).getForceField();
 
     // This array contains the shared and alchemical atoms for the dual topology system.
     atoms = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getDualTopologyAtoms(0);
 
     // Load atoms.
     try {
       addAtoms();
     } catch (Exception e) {
       logger.severe(" Atom without mass encountered.");
     }
 
     logger.info(format("\n OpenMM dual-topology system created with %d atoms.", atoms.length));
   }
 
   /**
    * Get the Potential in use.
    *
    * @return The Potential.
    */
   public Potential getPotential() {
     return openMMDualTopologyEnergy;
   }
 
   /**
    * Get the Crystal instance.
    *
    * @return the Crystal instance.
    */
   @Override
   public Crystal getCrystal() {
     return forceFieldEnergy.getCrystal();
   }
 
   /**
    * Set the default values of the vectors defining the axes of the periodic box (measured in nm).
    *
    * <p>Any newly created Context will have its box vectors set to these. They will affect any
    * Force added to the System that uses periodic boundary conditions.
    *
    * <p>Triclinic boxes are supported, but the vectors must satisfy certain requirements. In
    * particular, a must point in the x direction, b must point "mostly" in the y direction, and c
    * must point "mostly" in the z direction. See the documentation for details.
    */
   @Override
   protected void setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors() {
     Crystal crystal = forceFieldEnergy.getCrystal();
     if (!crystal.aperiodic()) {
       OpenMM_Vec3 a = new OpenMM_Vec3();
       OpenMM_Vec3 b = new OpenMM_Vec3();
       OpenMM_Vec3 c = new OpenMM_Vec3();
       double[][] Ai = crystal.Ai;
       a.x = Ai[0][0] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       a.y = Ai[0][1] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       a.z = Ai[0][2] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       b.x = Ai[1][0] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       b.y = Ai[1][1] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       b.z = Ai[1][2] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       c.x = Ai[2][0] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       c.y = Ai[2][1] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       c.z = Ai[2][2] * OpenMM_NmPerAngstrom;
       setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(a, b, c);
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Add forces to the system.
    */
   @Override
   public void addForces() {
     setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors();
 
     // Set up rigid constraints.
     // These flags need to be set before bonds and angles are created below.
     boolean rigidHydrogen = forceField.getBoolean("RIGID_HYDROGEN", false);
     boolean rigidBonds = forceField.getBoolean("RIGID_BONDS", false);
     boolean rigidHydrogenAngles = forceField.getBoolean("RIGID_HYDROGEN_ANGLES", false);
     if (rigidHydrogen || rigidBonds || rigidHydrogenAngles) {
       logger.severe(" Dual Topology does not support rigid hydrogen atoms.");
     }
 
     logger.info("\n Bonded Terms\n");
 
     // Add Bond Force.
     bondForce = (BondForce) BondForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     bondForce2 = (BondForce) BondForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(bondForce);
     addForce(bondForce2);
 
     // Add Angle Force.
     angleForce = (AngleForce) AngleForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     angleForce2 = (AngleForce) AngleForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(angleForce);
     addForce(angleForce2);
 
     // Add In-Plane Angle Force.
     inPlaneAngleForce = (InPlaneAngleForce) InPlaneAngleForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     inPlaneAngleForce2 = (InPlaneAngleForce) InPlaneAngleForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(inPlaneAngleForce);
     addForce(inPlaneAngleForce2);
 
     // Add Stretch-Bend Force.
     stretchBendForce = (StretchBendForce) StretchBendForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     stretchBendForce2 = (StretchBendForce) StretchBendForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(stretchBendForce);
     addForce(stretchBendForce2);
 
     // Add Urey-Bradley Force.
     ureyBradleyForce = (UreyBradleyForce) UreyBradleyForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     ureyBradleyForce2 = (UreyBradleyForce) UreyBradleyForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(ureyBradleyForce);
     addForce(ureyBradleyForce2);
 
     // Add Out-of-Plane Bend Force.
     outOfPlaneBendForce = (OutOfPlaneBendForce) OutOfPlaneBendForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     outOfPlaneBendForce2 = (OutOfPlaneBendForce) OutOfPlaneBendForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(outOfPlaneBendForce);
     addForce(outOfPlaneBendForce2);
 
     // Add Pi-Torsion Force.
     piOrbitalTorsionForce = (PiOrbitalTorsionForce) PiOrbitalTorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     piOrbitalTorsionForce2 = (PiOrbitalTorsionForce) PiOrbitalTorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(piOrbitalTorsionForce);
     addForce(piOrbitalTorsionForce2);
 
     // Add Torsion Force.
     torsionForce = (TorsionForce) TorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     torsionForce2 = (TorsionForce) TorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(torsionForce);
     addForce(torsionForce2);
 
     // Add Improper Torsion Force.
     improperTorsionForce = (ImproperTorsionForce) ImproperTorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     improperTorsionForce2 = (ImproperTorsionForce) ImproperTorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(improperTorsionForce);
     addForce(improperTorsionForce2);
 
     // Add Stretch-Torsion coupling terms.
     stretchTorsionForce = (StretchTorsionForce) StretchTorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     stretchTorsionForce2 = (StretchTorsionForce) StretchTorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(stretchTorsionForce);
     addForce(stretchTorsionForce2);
 
     // Add Angle-Torsion coupling terms.
     angleTorsionForce = (AngleTorsionForce) AngleTorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     angleTorsionForce2 = (AngleTorsionForce) AngleTorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(angleTorsionForce);
     addForce(angleTorsionForce2);
 
     if (openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getForceFieldEnergy(0).getRestrainMode() == ForceFieldEnergy.RestrainMode.ALCHEMICAL) {
       // Add Restrain-Torsions Force
       restrainTorsionsForce = (RestrainTorsionsForce) RestrainTorsionsForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
       restrainTorsionsForce2 = (RestrainTorsionsForce) RestrainTorsionsForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
       addForce(restrainTorsionsForce);
       addForce(restrainTorsionsForce2);
     }
 
     // Add Torsion-Torsion Force.
     // ToDo: There is no updateParametersInContext method for the AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce.
     amoebaTorsionTorsionForce = (AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce) AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     addForce(amoebaTorsionTorsionForce);
     // amoebaTorsionTorsionForce2 = (AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce) AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     // addForce(amoebaTorsionTorsionForce2);
 
     // Check that the number of Torsion-Torsion forces in the two topologies is equal.
     TorsionTorsionPotentialEnergy torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getForceFieldEnergy(0).getTorsionTorsionPotentialEnergy();
     TorsionTorsionPotentialEnergy torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy2 = openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getForceFieldEnergy(0).getTorsionTorsionPotentialEnergy();
     int numTorsionTorsions = 0;
     int numTorsionTorsions2 = 0;
     if (torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy != null) {
       numTorsionTorsions = torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy.getNumberOfTorsionTorsions();
     }
     if (torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy2 != null) {
       numTorsionTorsions2 = torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy2.getNumberOfTorsionTorsions();
     }
     if (numTorsionTorsions != numTorsionTorsions2) {
       logger.severe(" The number of Torsion-Torsion forces in the two topologies do not match: "
           + numTorsionTorsions + " vs. " + numTorsionTorsions2);
     } else if (numTorsionTorsions != 0) {
       TorsionTorsion[] torsionTorsion = torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy.getTorsionTorsionArray();
       TorsionTorsion[] torsionTorsion2 = torsionTorsionPotentialEnergy2.getTorsionTorsionArray();
       // Check that the Torsion-Torsion instances match.
       for (int i = 0; i < numTorsionTorsions; i++) {
         TorsionTorsion tt1 = torsionTorsion[i];
         TorsionTorsion tt2 = torsionTorsion2[i];
         if (!tt1.equals(tt2)) {
           logger.severe(" The Torsion-Torsion terms in the two topologies do not match: " + tt1 + " vs. " + tt2);
         }
       }
     }
 
     VanDerWaals vdW1 = forceFieldEnergy.getVdwNode();
     VanDerWaals vdW2 = forceFieldEnergy2.getVdwNode();
     if (vdW1 != null || vdW2 != null) {
       logger.info("\n Non-Bonded Terms");
 
       if (vdW1 != null) {
         // Add the vdW Force for Topology 1.
         amoebaVDWForce = (AmoebaVdwForce) AmoebaVdwForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
         addForce(amoebaVDWForce);
       }
       if (vdW2 != null) {
         // Add the vdW Force for Topology 2.
         amoebaVDWForce2 = (AmoebaVdwForce) AmoebaVdwForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
         amoebaVDWForce2.setLambdaName("AmoebaVdwLambda2");
         addForce(amoebaVDWForce2);
       }
 
       ParticleMeshEwald pme = forceFieldEnergy.getPmeNode();
       ParticleMeshEwald pme2 = forceFieldEnergy2.getPmeNode();
       if (pme != null) {
         amoebaMultipoleForce = (AmoebaMultipoleForce) AmoebaMultipoleForce.constructForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
         addForce(amoebaMultipoleForce);
       }
       if (pme2 != null) {
         amoebaMultipoleForce2 = (AmoebaMultipoleForce) AmoebaMultipoleForce.constructForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
         addForce(amoebaMultipoleForce2);
       }
 
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Get the number of variables.
    *
    * @return the number of variables.
    */
   @Override
   public int getNumberOfVariables() {
     int nActive = 0;
     int nAtoms = atoms.length;
     for (int i = 0; i < nAtoms; i++) {
       if (atoms[i].isActive()) {
         nActive++;
       }
     }
     int ret = nActive * 3;
     return ret;
   }
 
   /**
    * Calculate the number of degrees of freedom.
    *
    * @return Number of degrees of freedom.
    */
   @Override
   public int calculateDegreesOfFreedom() {
     int dof = getNumberOfVariables();
 
     // Remove OpenMM constraints.
     dof = dof - getNumConstraints();
 
     // Remove center of mass motion.
     if (cmMotionRemover != null) {
       dof -= 3;
     }
 
     return dof;
   }
 
   /**
    * Destroy the dual-topology system.
    */
   @Override
   public void free() {
     if (getPointer() != null) {
       logger.fine(" Free OpenMM dual-topology system.");
       destroy();
       logger.fine(" Free OpenMM dual-topology system completed.");
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Update parameters if the Use flags and/or Lambda value has changed.
    *
    * @param atoms Atoms in this list are considered.
    */
   @Override
   public void updateParameters(@Nullable Atom[] atoms) {
 
 //    if (updateBondedTerms) {
     if (bondForce != null) {
       bondForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (bondForce2 != null) {
       bondForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (angleForce != null) {
       angleForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (angleForce2 != null) {
       angleForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (inPlaneAngleForce != null) {
       inPlaneAngleForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (inPlaneAngleForce2 != null) {
       inPlaneAngleForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (stretchBendForce != null) {
       stretchBendForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (stretchBendForce2 != null) {
       stretchBendForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (ureyBradleyForce != null) {
       ureyBradleyForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (ureyBradleyForce2 != null) {
       ureyBradleyForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (outOfPlaneBendForce != null) {
       outOfPlaneBendForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (outOfPlaneBendForce2 != null) {
       outOfPlaneBendForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (piOrbitalTorsionForce != null) {
       piOrbitalTorsionForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (piOrbitalTorsionForce2 != null) {
       piOrbitalTorsionForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (torsionForce != null) {
       torsionForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (torsionForce2 != null) {
       torsionForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (improperTorsionForce != null) {
       improperTorsionForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (improperTorsionForce2 != null) {
       improperTorsionForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (stretchTorsionForce != null) {
       stretchTorsionForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (stretchTorsionForce2 != null) {
       stretchTorsionForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (angleTorsionForce != null) {
       angleTorsionForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (angleTorsionForce2 != null) {
       angleTorsionForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (restrainTorsionsForce != null) {
       restrainTorsionsForce.updateForce(0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (restrainTorsionsForce2 != null) {
       restrainTorsionsForce2.updateForce(1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
 
     // ToDo: there is no support in the OpenMM AmoebaTorsionTorsionForce to updateParametersInContext.
 
     if (amoebaVDWForce != null) {
       VanDerWaals vanDerWaals = forceFieldEnergy.getVdwNode();
       if (vanDerWaals.getLambdaTerm()) {
         double lambdaVDW = vanDerWaals.getLambda();
         openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getContext().setParameter("AmoebaVdwLambda", lambdaVDW);
       }
       atoms = forceFieldEnergy.getAtomArray();
       amoebaVDWForce.updateForce(atoms, 0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (amoebaVDWForce2 != null) {
       VanDerWaals vanDerWaals = forceFieldEnergy2.getVdwNode();
       if (vanDerWaals.getLambdaTerm()) {
         double lambdaVDW = vanDerWaals.getLambda();
         openMMDualTopologyEnergy.getContext().setParameter("AmoebaVdwLambda2", lambdaVDW);
       }
       atoms = forceFieldEnergy2.getAtomArray();
       amoebaVDWForce2.updateForce(atoms, 1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (amoebaMultipoleForce != null) {
       atoms = forceFieldEnergy.getAtomArray();
       amoebaMultipoleForce.updateForce(atoms, 0, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
     if (amoebaMultipoleForce2 != null) {
       atoms = forceFieldEnergy2.getAtomArray();
       amoebaMultipoleForce2.updateForce(atoms, 1, openMMDualTopologyEnergy);
     }
   }
 }